Spinal Cord Stimulation for Refractory Back and Leg Pain: Trial Design, Explant Rates and Patient Selection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22549350Keywords:
Spinal cord stimulation, Neuromodulation, Failed back surgery syndrome, Neuropathic pain, Explantation, Patient selectionAbstract
Spinal cord stimulation has accumulated over four decades of clinical use and, more recently, a
substantial randomised trial literature comparing conventional low-frequency stimulation against newer
high-frequency, dorsal root ganglion, and closed-loop technologies for refractory back and leg pain. This
review synthesises the comparative trial evidence across these stimulation technologies, the published
explant-rate and complication literature, and the patient-selection factors most consistently associated
with favourable long-term outcome.
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